The creation of a paper strip involves immobilizing urease onto cellulose fiber, with bromothymol blue (BTB) acting as a pH indicator. Immersion of a paper strip holding urease into a sample suspected to contain urea triggers a reaction producing ammonia, causing a pH variation that culminates in the development of a blue color, thus confirming the presence of urea. On the basis of a color change observed on a paper strip, a semi-quantitative method for urea detection was established. Comparison to a color chart, which was created using animal protein and fishmeal samples spiked with urea at concentrations varying from 0.10% to 10% (w/w), permits visual determination. Quantitative color intensity measurements were obtained from images captured with a smartphone camera and processed using ImageJ software. When used as pH indicators, BTB and phenol red were compared, revealing that BTB provided superior resolution. Excellent linear responses of blue intensity were achieved within the concentration range of 0.10% to 10% (weight/weight), under ideal conditions. The ascertained recovery exhibited a range from 981% to 1183%, accompanied by a relative standard deviation falling below 5%. For the quantification of urea in animal protein and fishmeal, the developed paper strip assay was used, showing substantial agreement with the official AOAC method (No. 96707). Pemigatinib purchase The present paper strip, capable of rapid urea adulteration detection in raw materials, empowers quality control personnel to conduct routine on-site analyses without complex instrumentation or specialized skills.
Palm kernel meal (PKM) consistently demonstrates its status as a premium protein source in the diets of ruminant animals. The study scrutinized the ramifications of feed supplementation with fluctuating quantities of PKM (ZL-0 as a control group, coupled with ZL-15, ZL-18, and ZL-21 treatment groups) on the quality and flavor of Tibetan sheep meat. The regulatory mechanisms influencing meat quality in Tibetan sheep were investigated through the examination of beneficial metabolite deposition and rumen microbial community composition, utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and 16S rDNA sequencing. Needle aspiration biopsy The study's results demonstrated that the ZL-18 Tibetan sheep group exhibited a superior eating quality and flavor profile, characterized by higher protein and fat content compared to the other groups. The ZL-18 group's meat metabolites showed significant changes in concentration and metabolic pathways, according to the metabolomics results. Metabolomics and correlation analyses indicated that PKM feed's primary effect was on muscle carbohydrate metabolism, which consequently influenced the meat's pH, tenderness, and taste. Simultaneously, an 18% increase in PKM corresponded with an increase in Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-013, Lachnospiraceae UCG-002, and Family XIII AD3011 group abundance in the rumen, yet reduced the abundance of Prevotella 1; this effect on rumen metabolites (such as succinic acid, DL-glutamic acid) in turn affects meat quality. Adding PKM could, in theory, refine the quality and flavor profile of the meat by impacting muscle metabolism and microbial interactions within the rumen.
Using sorghum flour, the traditional Sudanese nonalcoholic beverage Hulu-mur is produced. In this investigation, the secondary metabolites and antioxidant effects of the traditional Sudanese non-alcoholic beverage Hulu-mur were determined, using the Abjaro and Hegarii sorghum landraces as a source. During the Hulu-mur flask preparation, estimations were made of alterations in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), carotene content, tannins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH, reducing power, and FRAP). A statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference was found for both landraces. During the combined malting and fermentation treatment of sorghum flour, a transformation of phytochemical compounds and a shift in antioxidant activity were observed. Conversely, the Hulu-mur flasks exhibited the most pronounced elevation in TPC and carotene levels, contrasting with a reduction in tannin and TFC concentrations when compared to the malted and fermented samples. The DPPH, TRP, and FRAP antioxidant activities were significantly different (p < 0.05). Raw and processed flour have a concentration lower than that measured in Hulu-mur flasks. A positive validation score for Hulu-mur flasks, prepared from both landraces, was observed in the partial least squares regression test. To summarize, Hulu-mur, a drink made from Abjaro and Hegarii landraces, is characterized by a high content of antioxidant compounds, which could potentially enhance the health-promoting metabolites present in sorghum-based meals.
Because of the drawbacks associated with fat and synthetic preservatives, there's a growing need to decrease their use in lipid-based foods, such as mayonnaise. This research project aimed to investigate the effect of using oleaster flour as a natural preservative at concentrations of 4%, 6%, and 8%, and to study the effects of incorporating oleaster as a fat replacement (at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) on the physicochemical, antioxidant, rheological properties, and stability of reduced-fat mayonnaise. A notable augmentation of antioxidant properties was observed as the oleaster concentration progressively increased, according to the findings. A peroxide value of 201% was observed for the 30% FR 8 sample after 60 days of storage, contrasting markedly with the control groups – one without antioxidant (10%) and the other with TBHQ (268%). A 100% stability index was measured in the 30% FR and 40% FR samples, representing the best result. The 30% FR 8 oleaster displayed the maximum viscosity and the minimum frequency dependence, as evidenced by its rheological characteristics. The evidence strongly indicates that oleaster offers significant potential as a fat substitute in formulating low-fat mayonnaise.
The species Commiphora gileadensis, represented by the acronym (C.), highlights a multitude of distinct botanical qualities. Research on gileadensis has uncovered a connection between its phytochemicals and chemical makeup and numerous potential health benefits and pharmaceutical applications. This study examined the efficiency of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (USE) for determining the total phenol content of C. gileadensis leaves in relation to the hydrodistillation extraction (HDE) method. In our study, USE operating conditions were found to comprise a MeOH/H2O solvent-to-sample ratio of 80/20 (v/v), a 150W/20kHz ultrasonic power/frequency, and a 40°C temperature; the application of acoustic waves was intermittent, for 5 minutes, within the overall 12-minute programmed procedure. immune resistance Compared to the HDE (101470005mg GAE/g DM), the USE (118710009mg GAE/g DM) showed higher levels of all phenols. Subsequently, the USE's antioxidant capacity, as measured by DPPH scavenging inhibition, was significantly greater at 7778073% and 7527059%, respectively. The influence of the substance on anti-aging and cytotoxicity was evaluated. Biological evaluation studies on crude extracts of C. gileadensis conclusively exhibited a considerable increase in the replicative lifespan of K6001 yeast. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity assays against the HepG2 cell line demonstrated substantial anticancer activity, requiring a concentration of approximately 100g/mL to reduce cell viability compared to the control group. For large-scale extraction and isolation of C. gileadensis compounds, this study has demonstrated efficacy, paving the way for potential pharmaceutical applications. Finally, elaborate methods produce an extract exhibiting significant biological activity.
Asian Ber, a fruit brimming with antioxidants, has been recently cultivated in Central American regions. An evaluation of the antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial properties of Z. mauritiana cultivated in bers from Guanacaste, Costa Rica, was undertaken. Two farm locations, along with two cultivars, underwent evaluation. Spectrophotometry was the method chosen to establish the levels of total polyphenolic compounds (TPC), proanthocyanidin compounds (PAC), and ascorbic acid. An evaluation of antioxidant activity was conducted using the DPPH method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the application of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The concentration of GAE/g TPC in ber samples varied from 11 to 44mg, with green fruits and leaves exhibiting the highest levels. Between 251 and 466 milligrams of ascorbic acid per one hundred grams was measured in ber fruits. The vitamin C richness of Ber fruits surpasses that of the majority of commonly consumed fruits. Proanthocyanidin levels were quantified between 18 and 99 milligrams of 4-MCG per gram, with the highest concentration noted in the leaf material. A moderate antioxidant activity was observed in our samples, with values spanning from 90 to 387 mol TE/g. Nutritional quality in ber fruits varied in accordance with the conditions of their ripeness. Ber fruits, having migrated from Asia to Costa Rica, exhibit high levels of vitamin C and TPC, their concentrations exceeding those reported in ber fruits cultivated elsewhere. A notably diverse and interesting antimicrobial range was found in the TPC and PACs. The specific cultivars and farm locations exert a substantial influence on the creation of metabolites.
The systemic osteopathy, osteoporosis, is a result of escalating bone metabolism disorders that are more pronounced with age, particularly among postmenopausal women. Further research has established antler protein in cervus pantotrichum as the main bioactive component, regulating bone metabolism positively and potentially improving estrogen levels. This study explored the influence of velvet antler extract (VAE) in the prevention of osteoporosis and the modification of gut microbiota within ovariectomized (OVX) mice. A 12-week exposure to VAE in OVX mice was associated with significantly higher serum levels of BGP, Ca2+, CT, and HyP (p < 0.05). In OVX mice, VAE treatment was associated with a significant elevation in bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular bone number (Tb.N), trabecular bone thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular bone connection density (Conn.D), a decrease in trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), and a lower structural modality index (SMI) in micro-CT scans compared to untreated OVX mice.